57 languages
Afrikaans (Afrikaans)
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Bengali (বাংলা)
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Bulgarian (Български)
Catalan (Català)
Chinese (中文)
Croatian (Hrvatski)
Czech (Čeština)
Danish (Dansk)
Dutch (Nederlands)
English (English)
Esperanto (Esperanto)
Estonian (Eesti)
Finnish (Suomi)
French (Français)
Galician (Galego)
Georgian (ქართული)
German (Deutsch)
Greek (Ελληνικά)
Hindi (हिन्दी)
Hungarian (Magyar)
Indonesian (Bahasa Ind)
Irish (Gaeilge)
Italian (Italiano)
Japanese (日本語)
Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ)
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Latvian (Latviešu)
Lithuanian (lietuvių)
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Malayalam (മലയാളം)
Marathi (मराठी)
Norwegian (Norsk)
Polish (Polski)
Portuguese (Português)
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TRANSLATIONS
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5
MATHEMATICS. NATURAL SCIENCES
502/504
Environmental science. Conservation of natural resources. Threats to the environment and protection against them
502
The environment and its protection
502.3/.7
Parts of the environment
504
Threats to the environment
51
Mathematics
510
Fundamental and general considerations of mathematics
510.2
General problems of mathematical logic. Foundations of mathematics
510.3
Set theory
510.6
Mathematical logic
511
Number theory
512
Algebra
514
Geometry
514.7
Differential geometry. Algebraic and analytic methods in geometry
515.1
Topology
517
Analysis
517.9
Differential equations. Integral equations. Other functional equations. Finite differences. Calculus of variations. Functional analysis
519.1
Combinatorial analysis. Graph theory
519.2
Probability. Mathematical statistics
519.6
Computational mathematics. Numerical analysis
519.7
Mathematical cybernetics
519.8
Operational research (OR): mathematical theories and methods
519.83
Game theory
519.85
Mathematical programming
52
Astronomy. Astrophysics. Space research. Geodesy
520
Astronomical instruments and techniques
521
Theoretical astronomy. Celestial mechanics
521.9
Astrometry. Spherical astronomy
523
The Solar System
523.3
Earth-Moon system
523.4
Planets and their satellites. Planetology
523.6
Interplanetary medium. Comets. Meteors. Meteorites
523.9
The Sun. Solar physics
524
Stars. Stellar systems. The Universe
524.1
Cosmic rays. Primary cosmic rays
524.3
Stars
524.4
Star clusters. Associations of stars
524.5
Interstellar medium. Galactic nebulae
524.6
The Galaxy (Milky Way)
524.7
Extragalactic systems
524.8
The Universe. Metagalaxy. Cosmology
528
Geodesy. Surveying. Photogrammetry. Remote sensing. Cartography
528.1
Theory of errors and adjustment in geodesy and photogrammetry
528.2
Figure of the Earth. Earth measurement. Mathematical geodesy. Physical geodesy. Astronomical geodesy
528.3
Geodetic surveying
528.4
Field surveying. Land surveying. Cadastral survey. Topography. Engineering survey. Special fields of surveying
528.5
Geodetic instruments and equipment
528.7
Photogrammetry: aerial, terrestrial
528.8
Remote sensing
528.9
Cartography. Mapping (textual documents)
53
Physics
53.01/.09
Special auxiliary subdivision for physics
53.01
Theory and nature of phenomena
53.02
General laws of phenomena
53.03
Production and causes of phenomena
53.04
Effects of phenomena
53.05
Observation and recording of phenomena. Visual indication of phenomena
53.06
Application, utilization of phenomena
53.07
Apparatus for production and study of phenomena
53.08
General principles and theory of measurement and the design of measuring apparatus. Measurement methods
53.09
Dependence of phenomena on certain fundamental physical effects
531/534
Mechanics
531
General mechanics. Mechanics of solid and rigid bodies
531-1/-9
Special auxiliary subdivision for mechanics
531-1
One-dimensional. Lines
531-2
Two-dimensional. Planes. Surfaces
531-3
Three-dimensional. Bodies. Spaces
531-4
Hyperspace (space of more than three dimensions)
531-9
Non-Euclidean spaces
531.1
Kinematics. Mathematical-mechanical geometry of motion
531.2
Statics. Forces. Equilibrium. Attraction
531.3
Dynamics. Kinetics
531.4
Work. Weight. Mass. Friction. Passive resistance
531.5
Gravity. Gravitation. Pendulums. Ballistics
531.6
Mechanical energy. Conservation of mechanical energy
531.7
Measurement of geometric and mechanical quantities: instruments, methods and units
531.8
Theory of machines. Technical mechanics in general
532
Fluid mechanics in general. Mechanics of liquids (hydromechanics)
532.1
Hydrostatics in general
532.2
Equilibrium of liquids
532.3
Immersed bodies (submerged bodies). Floating bodies
532.5
Liquid motion. Hydrodynamics
532.6
Surface phenomena. Surface tension. Capillarity
532.7
Kinetic theory of liquids. Osmosis. Solution and solutions
533
Mechanics of gases. Aeromechanics. Plasma physics
533.1
Properties of gases
533.2
Elasticity. Compressibility. Liquefaction. Gas mixing. Gaseous mixtures
533.5
Rarefied gases. Vacuum physics
533.6
Aerodynamics
533.7
Kinetic theory of gases. Continuity of state
533.9
Plasma physics
534
Vibrations. Waves. Acoustics
534.1
Vibration of bodies. Excitation of vibrations. Vibratory formations with distributed mass and elasticity
534.2
Propagation of vibrations. Processes in the acoustic field
534.3
Musical sounds and perception
534.4
Analysis and synthesis of sounds
534.5
Composition of vibrations
534.6
Acoustic measurements
534.7
Physiological acoustics. Medical acoustics
534.8
Applications of acoustics (theory)
535
Optics
535-1/-9
Special auxiliary subdivision for optics
535-1/-3
Radiation according to wavelength. Hertzian waves. Light colours
535-1
Long waves. Infrared
535-2
Visible light. Colours
535-3
Short waves
535-4
Polarized light
535-5
Natural light
535-6
Partially polarized light
535-7
Totally reflected light
535.1
Theory of light
535.2
Propagation and energetics of radiation. Photometry
535.3
Propagation. Reflection. Refraction. Absorption. Emission
535.4
Interference. Diffraction. Scattering by diffraction
535.5
Polarization. Double refraction. Dispersion in anisotropic bodies
535.6
Colours and their properties. Colour theory
535.8
Applications of optics in general
536
Heat. Thermodynamics. Statistical physics
536.1
General theory of heat
536.2
Heat conduction. Heat transfer
536.3
Effect of bodies on heat radiation
536.4
Effect of heat input and temperature on volume and structure of bodies
536.5
Temperature. Temperature scales. Temperature measurement. Thermometers. Temperature control
536.6
Measurement of heat quantity. Calorimetry
536.7
Thermodynamics. Energetics
537
Electricity. Magnetism. Electromagnetism
537.2
Static electricity. Electrostatics
537.3
Current electricity. Electric current. Electrokinetics
537.5
Electron and ion phenomena
537.6/.8
Magnetism. Electromagnetism
537.6
Magnetism
537.8
Electromagnetism. Electromagnetic field. Electrodynamics
538.9
Condensed matter physics. Solid state physics
539
Physical nature of matter
539.1
Nuclear physics. Atomic physics. Molecular physics
539.2
Properties and structure of molecular systems
539.3
Elasticity. Deformation. Mechanics of elastic solids
539.4
Strength. Resistance to stress
539.5
Properties of materials affecting deformability
539.6
Intermolecular forces
539.8
Other physico-mechanical effects
54
Chemistry. Crystallography. Mineralogy
54-1/-4
Special auxiliary subdivision for state of substance, chemicals
54-1
State of substance
54-3
Particular kinds of compound
54-4
Chemicals. Reagents
54.01/.08
Special auxiliary subdivision for composition, production, preparation and analysis
54.01
Chemical substances and systems. Origin. Occurrence. Phases
54.02
Composition. Structure. Isotopes
54.05
Production. Preparation. Isolation. Purification etc.
54.06
Analysis, investigation and handling in general
54.07
Apparatus and equipment for preparation, investigation and analysis
54.08
Measurement principles, methods, techniques. Instrumentation
542
Practical laboratory chemistry. Preparative and experimental chemistry
542.1
Chemical laboratories
542.2
Laboratory apparatus and instrumentation in general. Laboratory methods in general
542.3
Measurement of weight, mass. Measurement of volume
542.4
Heat and cold application
542.5
Use of flames. Blowlamps
542.6
Working with liquids
542.7
Working with gases
542.8
Physical, physicochemical and electrical operations
542.9
Chemical reactions. Special chemical processes
543
Analytical chemistry
543.2
Chemical methods of analysis
543.3
Water sampling and analysis
543.4
Spectral analysis methods. Optical analysis methods
543.5
Physicochemical methods of analysis (other than optical methods)
543.6
Analysis of different substances. Analytical control in production conditions
543.9
Analysis by biological and biochemical reactions. Biological methods used for analytical purposes
544
Physical chemistry
544.01/.07
Special auxiliary subdivision for physical chemistry
544.01
Chemical substances and systems. Origin. Natural state. Phases
544.02
Chemical composition. Structure. Isotopes etc.
544.03
Physical properties and phenomena. Constants. Effects acting on state and properties of matter
544.07
Instruments and equipment
544.1
Chemical structure of matter
544.2
Physical chemistry of solids, liquids and gases
544.3
Chemical thermodynamics
544.4
Chemical kinetics. Catalysis
544.5
Chemistry of high energy processes
544.6
Electrochemistry
544.7
Chemistry of surface phenomena and colloids
546
Inorganic chemistry
546.1
Nonmetals and metalloids in general
546.3
Metals in general
547
Organic chemistry
547.1
Classification of organic compounds. Element-organic compounds
548/549
Mineralogical sciences. Crystallography. Mineralogy
548
Crystallography
548.1
Mathematical crystallography. Continuum theory of crystals
548.2
Crystal growths. Crystalline aggregates
548.3
Crystal chemistry
548.4
Irregularities in crystals
548.5
Formation, growth and solution of crystals
548.7
Fine structure of crystals. Discontinuum theory of crystals
549
Mineralogy. Special study of minerals
549.2/.8
Systematic mineralogy
549.2
Native elements and alloys
549.3
Sulphides. Sulpho-salts
549.4
Halides
549.5
Oxygen compounds
549.6
Silicates. Titanates. Zirconates. Stannates
549.7
Other compounds of oxyacids
549.8
Organic minerals
55
Earth Sciences. Geological sciences
550
Ancillary sciences of geology
550.1
Physiography
550.2
Geoastronomy. Cosmogony
550.3
Geophysics
550.4
Geochemistry
550.7
Geobiology. Geological actions of organisms
550.8
Applied geology and geophysics. Geological prospecting and exploration. Interpretation of results
550.93
Geochronology. Geological dating. Determination of absolute geological age
551
General geology. Meteorology. Climatology. Historical geology. Stratigraphy. Palaeogeography
551.1/.4
General geology
551.1
General structure of the Earth
551.2
Internal geodynamics (endogenous processes)
551.21
Vulcanicity. Vulcanism. Volcanoes. Eruptive phenomena. Eruptions
551.24
Geotectonics
551.3
External geodynamics (exogenous processes)
551.32
Glaciology
551.4
Geomorphology. Study of the Earth's physical forms
551.44
Speleology. Caves. Fissures. Underground waters
551.46
Physical oceanography. Submarine topography. Ocean floor
551.5
Meteorology
551.58
Climatology
551.7
Historical geology. Stratigraphy
551.8
Palaeogeography
552
Petrology. Petrography
552.1
Rock characteristics and properties generally. Physical and physicochemical petrology
552.3/.6
Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic petrology
552.3
Magmatic rocks. Igneous rocks
552.4
Metamorphic rocks
552.5
Sedimentary rocks
552.6
Meteorites
553
Economic geology. Mineral deposits
553.2
Ore formation. Mineral formation
553.3/.9
Ore and other mineral deposits. Natural resources
553.3
Ore deposits (metalliferous mineral deposits) in general. Iron and manganese ores
553.4
Ore deposits other than iron and manganese
553.5
Natural stone deposits
553.6
Deposits of various inorganic economic minerals and earths (mainly nonmetalliferous)
553.7
Mineral springs
553.8
Deposits of precious and semiprecious stones. Gemstone deposits
553.9
Deposits of carbonaceous rocks. Hydrocarbon deposits
556
Hydrosphere. Water in general. Hydrology
556.3
Groundwater hydrology. Geohydrology. Hydrogeology
556.5
Surface-water hydrology. Land hydrology
56
Palaeontology
57
Biological sciences in general
57.01/.08
Special auxiliary subdivision for theoretical aspects, characteristics, factors, etc. in biology
57.01
General laws. Theoretical aspects. Characteristics. Properties
57.02
Biological and ethological processes
57.03
Pattern of property variations
57.04
Factors. Influences
57.05
Characteristics dependent on control processes. Principles of control processes at various levels
57.06
Nomenclature and classification of organisms. Taxonomy
57.07
Analytical palaeontology
57.08
Biological techniques, experimental methods and equipment in general
572
Physical anthropology
572.1/.4
Anthropogeny. Human development in general. Origin of the human species
572.9
Special anthropogeography. Individual human ancestry groups
573
General and theoretical biology
574
General ecology and biodiversity
575
General genetics. General cytogenetics
576
Cellular and subcellular biology. Cytology
577
Material bases of life. Biochemistry. Molecular biology. Biophysics
578
Virology
579
Microbiology
579.2
General microbiology
579.6
Applied microbiology
579.8
Classification and systematics of microorganisms
58
Botany
581
General botany
581.1
Plant physiology
581.2
Plant diseases. Plant pathology. Phytopathology
581.3
Embryology of plants
581.4
Plant morphology. Plant anatomy
581.5
Habits of plants. Plant behaviour. Plant ecology. Plant ethology. The plant and its environment. Bionomics of plants
581.6
Applied botany. Use of plants. Technobotany. Economic botany
581.8
Plant histology
581.9
Geographic botany. Plant geography (phytogeography). Floras. Geographic distribution of plants
582
Systematic botany
582.091/.099
Special auxiliary subdivisions for classification of plants according to size and form
582.091
Trees (large woody plants with trunk)
582.093
Shrubs (smaller woody plants without single trunk)
582.095
Undergrowth. Undershrubs (e.g. brambles - Rosoideae)
582.097
Woody climbers (e.g. ivy - Araliaceae)
582.099
Herbaceous or non-woody plants (often called 'plants' or 'flowers')
582.23
Bacteria (as plants)
582.24
Protista (protists). Chromista
582.261/.279
Algae
582.28
Fungi. Eumycota / Eumycetes (true fungi). Moulds
582.29
Lichens
582.32/.998
Plantae (plants)
582.32
Bryophyta (Musci)
582.361/.99
Tracheophyta (vascular plants)
582.37/.39
Pteridophyta. Ferns. Fern allies. Fernlike spore plants
582.4
Spermatophyta (phanerogams / seed plants)
582.42/.49
Gymnosperms (naked seed plants)
582.44
Cycadophyta (cycads). Cycadopsida
582.46
Ginkgophyta. Ginkgoopsida. Ginkgoales
582.47
Pinophyta / Coniferae (conifers). Pinopsida
582.5/.9
Magnoliophyta (angiosperms / covered seed plants)
582.5
Monocotyledoneae / Liliopsida (monocotyledons / monocots)
582.51
Arecales (palms). Pandanales. Acorales. Petrosaviales
582.53
Alismatales
582.54/.56
Commelinids
582.54
Poales
582.56
Zingiberales
582.57
Liliales / Liliiflorae
582.58
Asparagales
582.6/.9
Dicotyledoneae / Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons / dicots)
582.62
Fagales
582.622
Betulaceae (birch family)
582.623
Fagaceae (beech family)
582.628
Juglandaceae (walnut family)
582.63
Rosales
582.634
Moraceae (mulberry family)
582.637
Ulmaceae (elm family)
582.639
Rosaceae (rose family)
582.65
Nymphaeales. Ranunculales. Sabiales
582.66
Caryophyllales / Centrospermae
582.67
Magnoliids (scientifically outdated)
582.672
Piperales
582.673
Laurales
582.677
Magnoliales
582.68
Dilleniidae (scientifically outdated)
582.681
Malpighiales
582.682
Cucurbitales
582.683
Brassicales / Capparidales / Capparales
582.685
Malvales
582.688
Ericales
582.7
Rosidae (rosids)
582.70
Saxifragales
582.73
Fabales
582.74
Sapindales
582.75
Geraniales
582.77
Myrtales
582.79
Apiales
582.82
Vitales
582.9
Asteridae (asterids)
582.92
Gentianales
582.93
Solanales
582.94
Lamiales
582.99
Asterales
59
Zoology
591
General zoology
591.1
Animal physiology
591.2
Diseases of (undomesticated) animals. Animal pathology
591.3
Animal embryology. Animal ontogeny. Development of the individual organism
591.4
Study of animal organs. Animal organology. Animal anatomy. Zootomy
591.5
Animal habits. Animal behaviour. Ecology. Ethology. Animal and environment. Bionomy
591.6
Economic zoology. Applied zoology
591.8
Animal histology
591.9
Geographic zoology. Zoogeography. Fauna. Geographic distribution of animals
592/599
Systematic zoology
592
Invertebrata (invertebrates)
593.1
Protozoa
593.4
Porifera (sponges)
594
Mollusca. Bryozoa. Brachiopoda
595
Articulata
595.7
Hexapoda. Insecta (insects)
596/599
Chordata
596.2
Tunicata / Urochordata (tunicates)
597/599
Vertebrata (vertebrates)
597.2/.5
Pisces (fishes) (scientifically outdated)
597.3
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
597.31
Elasmobranchii
597.311
Galeomorphii
597.317
Batoidea
597.4/.5
Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
597.42/.55
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
597.42
Chondrostei
597.5
Teleostei (teleosts)
597.535
Anguilliformes
597.541
Clupeiformes
597.55
Euteleosti / Euteleostei
597.551
Ostariophysi
597.552
Protacanthopterygii
597.555
Paracanthopterygii
597.556
Acanthopterygii (spiny finned fishes)
597.6/.9
Amphibia (amphibians)
597.7
Gymnophiona (caecilians)
597.8
Anura (tailless amphibians)
597.9
Caudata (tailed amphibians)
597.91
Sirenidae
597.94
Salamandridae
598
Sauropsida. Synapsida
598.1/.2
Sauropsida
598.1
Reptilia (reptiles)
598.125
Testudinidae (tortoises)
598.16
Squamata (scaled reptiles)
598.161
Lacertilia (lizards)
598.162
Serpentes / Ophidia (snakes, serpents, ophidians)
598.166
Amphisbaenia (worm-lizards)
598.18
Crurotarsi
598.182
Crocodylomorpha
598.19
Avemetatarsalia (extinct)
598.191
Pterosauria (pterosaurs ) (extinct)
598.192
Dinosauria (dinosaurs) (extinct)
598.192.32
Tyrannosauridae (extinct)
598.192.63
Diplodocidae (extinct)
598.192.77
Ceratopsidae (extinct)
598.2
Aves (birds)
598.221
Struthioniformes (ratites)
598.231
Sphenisciformes. Spheniscidae (penguins)
598.233
Podicipediformes. Podicipedidae (grebes)
598.234
Procellariiformes
598.235
Pelecaniformes
598.24
Gruiformes. Charadriiformes. Ciconiiformes
598.241
Gruiformes
598.243
Charadriiformes
598.244
Ciconiiformes
598.25
Anseriformes
598.26
Galliformes. Columbiformes
598.271
Psittaciformes
598.272
Piciformes
598.274
Cuculiformes. Opisthocomiformes
598.279
Cathartiformes. Accipitriformes. Falconiformes. Strigiformes
598.282
Menuridae. Maluridae. Pardalotidae. Meliphagidae. Promeropidae. Callaeidae
598.283
Alaudidae
598.284
Hirundinidae
598.285
Motacillidae
598.286
Pycnonotidae. Aegithalidae. Acrocephalidae
598.287
Bombycillidae. Dulidae. Ptilogonatidae. Hypocoliidae
598.288
Cinclidae. Troglodytidae. Mimidae. Prunellidae. Turdidae. Silviidae. Muscicapidae. Timaliidae
598.289
Paridae. Sittidae. Certhiidae. Orthonychidae
598.291
Nectariniidae (sunbirds). Zosteropidae (white-eyes). Dicaeidae (flowerpeckers). Dicruridae (drongos). Monarchidae (monarch flycatchers). Pachycephalidae (whistlers)
598.292
Oriolidae (orioles). Laniidae (true shrikes). Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds). Regulidae (crests). Picathartidae (rockfowls)
598.293
Corvidae. Paradisaeidae (birds of paradise). Ptilonorhynchidae (bowerbirds). Climacteridae. Artamidae. Corcoracidae
598.294
Sturnidae. Passeridae. Ploceidae. Estrildidae
598.296
Fringillidae. Parulidae. Thraupidae. Emberizidae. Icteridae
599
Mammalia (mammals)
599.1
Prototheria
599.2
Metatheria
599.22
Diprotodontia
599.3/.8
Eutheria (placental mammals)
599.31
Pholidota. Xenarthra
599.311
Pholidota / Squamata. Manidae
599.312
Xenarthra / Edentata (xenarthrans / edentates)
599.32
Rodentia. Lagomorpha
599.322
Sciuromorpha. Castorimorpha. Anomaluromorpha
599.324
Hystricomorpha
599.325
Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)
599.35/.38
Insectivora (insectivorous mammals)
599.36
Soricomorpha. Erinaceomorpha
599.39
Dermoptera. Cynocephalidae
599.4
Chiroptera (bats)
599.5
Cetacea. Sirenia
599.51
Mysticeti (baleen whales)
599.53
Odontoceti (toothed whales)
599.55
Sirenia (sirenians / sea cows)
599.61/.73
Ungulata (ungulates / hoofed mammals)
599.61
Proboscidea (proboscideans)
599.62
Hyracoidea. Procaviidae
599.68
Tubulidentata. Orycteropodidae
599.72
Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)
599.721
Tapiridae (tapirs)
599.722
Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses)
599.723
Equidae
599.73
Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)
599.735
Ruminantia (ruminants)
599.74
Carnivora (carnivorans)
599.742.5
Viverridae
599.742.6
Hyaenidae
599.742.7
Felidae
599.743
Herpestidae. Eupleridae. Nandiniidae
599.744
Canidae. Ursidae. Musteloidea
599.745
Pinnipedia
599.78
Scandentia (treeshrews)
599.8
Primates
599.81
Prosimii (prosimians)
599.813
Lorisidae / Loriidae
599.815
Lemuridae. Lepilemuridae
599.818
Tarsiiformes. Tarsiidae (tarsiers)
599.82/.89
Simiiformes (simians)
599.82
Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)
599.85
Cercopithecoidea. Cercopithecidae
599.88/.89
Hominoidea
599.88
Hylobatidae (lesser apes)
599.89
Hominidae (hominids / great apes)
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